Building Automated Feature Rollouts on Robust Regression Analysis

At Uber, engineering teams launch features for our various mobile apps simultaneously across cities around the world, over multiple time zones, and in products on a daily basis. To ensure that these features land safely, we leverage our experimentation platform, a tool that lets us monitor how each new feature affects our software and systems through a staged rollout process.

In addition to running a thorough test on our code before deployment, we want to understand whether a new feature might inadvertently interact with existing features on our apps in an unexpected way. Traditionally, fixing these issues required developers to dedicate a significant amount of time investigating the source of ongoing regressions, or bugs, and mapping them back to the features that caused them. This process usually slows  down feature development and can negatively impact user experience.

Therefore, we built a new system letting us quickly and easily identify which feature might be causing an issue. Along with its user-friendly analytics dashboard, the system enables scheduled autonomous feature rollouts, since we can detect and rollback features that exhibit any problems. As engineers can more quickly detect the cause of a regression, we can lessen the impact on customers by fixing any issues before they become widespread.   

Enhancing attribution and regression detection

Our existing staged rollout procedure uses a methodology borrowed from scientific experimentation: as we roll a new feature out to customers, the set of end users who receive it are considered the treatment group, while the remaining end users are the control group. We collect events from the treatment and control groups, correlating them with different health metrics to check for regressions. If we detect a regression, we can quickly roll back the deployment and fix the problem.

Our engineering colleagues, Eva Feng and Zhenyu Zhao, detailed this staged rollout procedure last year in their article, Building an Intelligent Experimentation Platform with Uber Engineering.

To enable our Auto Rollouts system, we built up the existing framework by enhancing its monitoring capabilities and adding an analytics dashboard, which lets developers easily look into the cause of a regression. Now, if we detect a regression, we can attribute it to the feature that caused it, the owner who created the feature, and the part of the app where the regression was introduced.

During a deployment, the system looks for app state events, crash events, and application-not-responding (ANR) events among the metrics that continually pour in over our production platform. The system correlates those metrics with the events from the feature being deployed, then passes the results through a stats processor and decision engine to determine whether there is a regression. The output of the decision engine determines which action the Auto Rollout system takes, either reverting in case of a regression or else proceeding with the feature deployment.

Our enhanced monitoring lets us dig further into these metrics to identify events that are undergoing a regression. In Figure 3, below, the new feature caused a crash event, identified as crash_f6ddab… In its Crash Metrics section, our dashboard enables us to determine that this type of crash occurs 10 percent more frequently in the treatment flow than in the control flow.

The Mobile Metrics section of the analytics dashboard highlights the impact of the new feature on the different parts of the app. The dashboard in Figure 4, below, indicates that the feature had no significant impact on the confirmation flow, payment flow, or support flow of the app:

Our enhanced staged rollouts system lets developers assess the impact of the new feature being deployed, and any regressions detected in Uber’s platform can be attributed back to that feature.

Science behind the analytics

Underlying the Auto Rollouts system, our experimentation platform computes each metric it uses by correlating it with experiment events. To enable automated rollouts, we improved regression detection so the framework could more accurately initiate a rollback.

The regression detection algorithm run on each metric is powered by a sequential likelihood ratio test. We look at the following events to compute the metrics analyzed by this system:

Personalize metrics parameters

To determine a metric’s regression, we construct the hypothesis test as:

          H0: |Signal in Treatment – Signal in Control| <= Threshold
          H1: |Signal in Treatment – Signal in Control| > Threshold

We construct an ‘always valid’ (1-alpha) confidence interval around the difference between the treatment and control groups using sequential testing,

          P(|Signal in Treatment – Signal in Control| > Threshold | H0) < alpha,

where alpha = Type I error. (In statistics, a type I error means a false positive result.)  

We keep monitoring until the sample size reaches our expected sample size, such that

           P(|Signal in Treatment – Signal in Control| < Threshold | H1) < beta,

where beta = Type II error. (In statistics, a type II error means a false negative result.)

If no regression is detected, then the rollout is considered safe. This statistical test is constructed using a sequential testing algorithm, which enables continuous monitoring without inflating the Type I error. We monitor different metrics for Uber’s rider, driver, and Uber Eats apps.

Minimum Detectable Effect (MDE) indicates the smallest change we can detect in treatment relative to the control experience. The metrics we use differ in their noise level and detectability, so we use different MDE thresholds for each. If we use an MDE threshold X, then in order to be 90 percent confident that there is no regression > X, we need to predict the number of users we need in the treatment and control flows. The graph below indicates, for a metric with mean around 0.8 to achieve an MDE threshold of 3 percent, we would need at least ~18,000 users in the treatment and control flows (combined) before we can call the rollout as being safe with 90 percent confidence.

Scheduling feature rollouts

Along with making it easier for engineers to identify problems with a new feature, our improved regression monitoring also lets us automate feature deployment, since the system can rollback a deployment if something goes wrong. Our Auto Rollouts system lessens developer fatigue, since users do not have to manually activate and monitor each step of the rollout, and makes the whole process run faster.

The Auto Rollout system consists of two main components: the Rollout UI, which lets users set rollout parameters, and the Rollout Configuration processor, managing the progress of each feature rollout through its lifecycle.

Rollout UI

The Auto Rollout system lets users set a few configuration parameters through a simple user interface. They can pick the treatment group for rollout, the start date, and the number of days over which to complete the rollout.

Rollout Configuration

Every rollout has a lifecycle, starting with initial setup and ending in completion. The Rollout Configuration processor manages the lifecycle by moving the rollout through its stages, monitoring the analytics in the background, and updating users at each stage. This hands-free approach enables users to rollout features without having to monitor them over multiple days. Engineers can immediately start their rollouts or schedule them for a future date and time.

Successful hands-off deployment

Since launch, this system has performed thousands of rollouts autonomously for features across Uber’s apps. The addition of the Auto Rollouts system has resulted in a number of advantages for Uber’s engineering workflow:

If you are interested in building monitored, automated, and safe feature deployment solutions, consider joining our team!

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